Review of 'The Struggle for Egypt' by Steven Cook

January 25, 2011, the news was all about Egypt and the revolution. Multitudes filled Tahiri Square demanding political change and for President Mubarak to step down to make way for democracy and personal freedom. We realized that this development might lead to a better future for Egyptians but it put a hold on our plans to travel there until a later time.

By early January 2012, parliamentary elections had been held, the first free and open elections in Egypt’s long history. News reports suggested that the revolution and transition were proceeding well enough and conditions had stabilized so that visitors could again travel safely. We decided to go.

During our travels we met many Egyptians, visited all of the places on the normal tourist itinerary, observed protests, posters, the opening of the People’s Assembly (Parliament), read Al-Ahram Weekly, the English language paper, grieved over the deaths of more than 60 fans at a football (soccer) match, become a bit used to guards carrying kalashnikov machine guns everywhere.

Finally, it was time to leave, to consider all that we had experienced and learned and to write about those experiences.But we needed more information to assemble the mosaic of impressions, conversations, and observations through a better understanding of the history that had eventually driven the Egyptian people to take to the streets in significant numbers to demand regime change and democracy. We discovered ‘The Struggle for Egypt’ by Steven Cook, which we found to be an excellent book to provide us with the historic context we needed.

The Struggle for Egypt begins with a story about Hassan, a member of the elite wealthy class, whose anger and frustration over the sad state that Egypt had come to before the revolution as well as his ideas about what the future might bring had provided the author with clear insights. Conversations such as this as well as in depth research enabled Cook to narrate and interpret the events of the past hundred and thirty years beginning with the first stirrings of nationalism in the 1880s, through the Free Officers’ coup in 1952, the Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak years, to Tahrir Square in January, 2011.

The author argues that Egyptians have never been able to define "what Egypt is, what it stands for, and what its relation to the world is." He explores the role of foreigners, foremost the United States, in this long debate as he narrates the story of the continuing conflicts between the Muslim Brotherhood and the National Democratic Party (NDP), the socialist and nationalist policies and alignment with the USSR during the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser. After Nasser’s death, during the Presidency of Anwar Sadat, the narrative explores the turn toward free market economics, bridge building with the Brotherhood, the Camp David Accords to make peace with Israel, and ultimately Sadat’s assassination.

This opened the door to the presidency of Hosni Mubarak and over thirty years, the deterioration of Egypt’s economic and social structures, the absence of the rule of law, the violence of the police, the power of the military, the lack of accountability. Then the events leading up to the revolution are traced and we meet a few of the characters whose names we were reading in Al-Ahram: Omar Suleiman, Mohamed ElBaradei, Gamal Mubarak, Ahmed Shafiq.

Cook has written a readable, comprehensive, compelling, well documented history of an extraordinary country. It well serves a person with new interest in Egypt and its role in the region as well as those more well-versed in the events and history of the country. It gives indepth perspective on a country whose people are now facing the future with hope and apprehension as they take control of their government and restructure their society and economy

Mohamed Morsi Is Egypt's New President!

On Sunday afternoon, 24 June, the Election Commission announced the winner of the presidential election. Mohamed Morsi had captured nearly 52 percent of the votes. Supporters in Tahrir Square celebrated through the night and were still celebrating the following morning!

Egypt now has the first (mostly) freely and fairly elected president in its entire millennia-long history!

Morsi has been sworn into office and moved into the Presidential offices formerly occupied by Hosni Mubarak. He announced to the world and all Egyptians "I will be president for all Egyptians, those inside the country and abroad. The people are the source of all powers, and it's time for unity to rebuild our country and achieve the goals of the revolution," he said. "Together, Egyptians will create a better and bright future for this nation."

He has given an order not to hang his portraits at any government ministry or institution. "The new president prefers that Egypt be a symbol, and not the president, as people are mortals while Egypt will remain," spokesperson El-Afdal said in a small press conference held at the presidential residence in Oroba Palace in Cairo soon after the results were announced.

A key message of his inaugural speech, delivered in Tahrir Square, was his commitment to work for the development of a "civil, constitutional and modern state." He has assured liberals and secular Egyptians that he is not planning, for now, to impose any strict Islamic rulings on society. No particular dress code would be imposed on the Muslim women of Egypt and he reassured the Coptic Christian community that he is the president for all Egyptians, Muslims and Christians alike.

Egypt still has plenty of challenges ahead. While the SCAF, the military council, has formally turned over power to the president, the relationship between the military and the president remains to be defined.

Egypt needs to comply with the recent court rulings to hold new parliamentary elections to replace those members of the People's Assembly who were found to have been elected illegally. This ruling enabled SCAF to assume legislative authority.

The challenge of selecting the members of the Constitutional Assembly who will draft the new constitution must be faced with all speed.

Most importantly, the dire situation of the economy must to addressed as rapidly as possible. The revolution disrupted the economy, resulting in a very low growth rate. International tourism and foreign direct investments have shrunk. Unemployment, poverty, inequality, a gaping budget deficit and fuel shortages are among the problems to be solved.

Yet, considering all this, we believe that Egyptians will find a way to reorder their government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam while respecting the wishes of the majority of the Egyptian people through democratic processes. We believe that Egypt has now embarked on a quest to find the way to combine democracy and Islam and the world should support them in this.